Challenges for Democracy

This section explores the multifaceted challenges confronting democracy in contemporary societies, drawing on a range of theoretical perspectives and empirical studies. Central to the discussion are issues of extremism, illiberalism, the erosion of democratic norms, and democratic backsliding, which threaten governance systems worldwide. By examining elite and behaviour (elites and citizens behaviour?) and its role in either reinforcing or undermining democratic principles, this section sheds light on the dynamics of political behaviour and institutional resilience.   We also welcome cross-national, regional, and small-n/single case studies that can provide a deeper understanding of these phenomena, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Americas more broadly. The session will consider how historical, cultural, and socio-political factors intersect in shaping unique trajectories of democratic development and decline. Scholars will also engage with theoretical frameworks to unpack the underlying forces driving these trends, offering insights into the interplay between extremism and democratic fragility.