The Dutch Civic Integration Act 2021 (Wet inburgering 2021) marked a significant shift in the Netherlands’ approach to immigrant integration by transferring primary responsibility from individuals to local municipalities. This study explores how municipalities implement this policy and to what extent they can provide personalized integration support. Using case studies of six municipalities, this research identifies key challenges such as centralized procurement, regional collaboration, and outsourcing, which limit flexibility. Although the new system represents progress in terms of oversight and quality assurance, the ambition to provide fully customized integration remains difficult to achieve. The findings contribute to broader discussions on decentralization, public administration, and immigrant integration policies in Europe and beyond
