Narrating the "Loser": Introducing the Loser Character archetype to the Narrative Policy Framework

Policy narratives, as underscored by the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), provide a compelling lens through which to understand the persuasive power of stories in shaping public opinion and policy outcomes. Central to these narratives are characters that anchor the stories, aiding audiences in understanding complex policy issues through relatable human positions. Historically, the victim-villain-hero triad has been the main character archetype captured in NPF coding. Yet, recent studies have expanded the NPF by introducing the beneficiary and ally characters, highlighting the significance of those who stand to gain from policy solutions, even if not directly affected by the problems they address. However, a critical gap exists in the character archetype: the character that might be seen as the mirror image of the beneficiary — one who is not directly impacted by the policy problem but stands to lose from the policy solution. We term this overlooked character the "Loser." By neglecting this character, the NPF has potentially missed out on capturing the nuances of character development and their related emotional affects. Drawing from a 2x2 matrix, we categorize and theorize narrative characters in relation to their positioning vis-à-vis the policy problem and solution. Using affirmative action as a case study, we argue that rather than being victims or villains, narratives often portray white men as the losers. Although not directly facing the problem affirmative action addresses, this group is frequently framed as adversely affected by the policy's solution. By integrating the "Loser" character into the NPF, we not only enrich the framework's descriptive and analytical potential but also provide a more comprehensive tool for policy analysts, scholars, and practitioners to dissect and understand the nuances of policy narratives in various (polarized) policy debates.