Social incorporation, citizenship and populism in the Andes: A review of the literature on the Pink Tide in Ecuador and Bolivia

This documentary type research starts from the research question on how the levels of participation, influence and effects on indigenous and peasant movements have been studied in the state interaction during the Ecuadorian and Bolivian governments of the Pink Tide. This work will highlight the similarities and differences in the relationship between the state and the indigenous and peasant movements in each of the countries under study. To this end, this research proposes an interdisciplinary emphasis between Political Economy, Political Sociology and Public Policy Analysis to understand the turn to the left in South America and the ways in which social incorporation and redistributive policies were developed. To this end, in a first, more political science moment, we analyze the works of Santiago Anria and Sara Niedzwiecki (2019); Daniela Campello (2011); Fernando Filgueira, Luis Reygadas, Juan Pablo Luna, and Pablo Alegre (2011); Juan Pablo Luna (2010; 2012); and, Eduardo Silva (2012; 2018). On this, in a second moment, a sociological emphasis is made by analyzing the interaction between the State and peasant and indigenous social movements to understand the conciliatory or conflictive positions that may have arisen during this governmental temporality in each of these countries, by means of the analyses developed by Fernando Molina (2008; 2014; 2018; 2019a; 2019b); Luis Tapia (2007; 2008; 2008; 2009; 2010); Pablo Stefanoni (2003; 2006; 2006; 2012a; 2012b); Karin Monasterios, Pablo Stefanoni and Hervé Do Alto (2007) for the Bolivian case, while for the study of Ecuador the works of Franklin Ramírez (2006; 2007; 2011; 2012) are used. Finally, we analyze the real effectiveness that the implementation of these social policies may have had on social incorporation from a multicultural approach, as proposed by Carla Alberti (2019), mainly in her text Populist multiculturalism in the Andes: balancing political control and societal autonomy in which she addresses the implementation of social policies during the Pink Tide in Ecuador and Bolivia. From which, we seek to address a gap in the literature on the relationship between social incorporation, populism, multiculturalism, national identity and civic education in school curriculum reforms in Ecuador and Bolivia during the governments of the Pink Tide.