The Politics of ‘Knowledge Networks’: External Experts in EU Policy-Making

External experts, researchers and academics do not only follow and critically analyse European integration and EU policies but they also participate in shaping policy choices. They participate directly as individual advisors and consultants, in advocacy coalitions and networks, or indirectly by shaping the policy discourse. The European Commission, the European Parliament and individual EU member states draw on external experts in the policy process to some extent despite their in-house capacities. External experts are understood in a broad sense to involve individual experts, research institutions, think tanks, and increasingly non-governmental organisations which have been enhancing their research capacity. Besides providing factual information, external experts play a role in creating consensual knowledge but also in substantiating competing policy position. This paper looks at three cases of EU policies which have aimed at pushing the boundaries of the EU vis-à-vis the member states in aid and development cooperation, and analyses the role of external experts, particularly looking at interlinkages between the European and national policy arenas. The cases are i) joint programming, ii) the European results framework, and iii) the revision of the European Consensus on Development. The paper traces how EU actors, especially in the Commission, have engaged external actors in the policy process and how experts have reacted to these demands, especially against the background of overlapping and at times competing demands from member states.